Oil discovery in British Antarctic Territory raises concerns among environmentalists

Russia’s discovery of oil and gas in the British Antarctic Territory has raised serious concerns, both on an environmental and geopolitical level. The size of the reserves is estimated at ten times the total production from the North Sea over the past fifty years, which is of understandable interest to international players. However, when thinking about exploiting these resources, we face numerous challenges, both technically and legally and politically.

Antarctica’s environment, characterized by extreme weather conditions and a fragile ecosystem, poses insurmountable obstacles to potential mining operations. The Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959. and which regulates activities in the region, imposes a number of restrictions on economic activity and the exploitation of natural resources. In addition, the discovered reserves are located mainly in the Weddell Sea region, which is subject to territorial claims by Britain, Chile and Argentina, further complicating potential resource extraction.

Oil discovery vs. exploration challenges

Operations in the Antarctic area are inextricably linked to the many challenges posed by extreme weather conditions and the peculiarities of this harsh environment. The waters of the Weddell Sea are covered with thick layers of ice, which often prevent free access for marine vessels or plant builders. Low temperatures, often reaching extremes, and strong winds, which are not uncommon in the region, pose another problem.

Work carried out in the frigid conditions of Antarctica requires not only specialized equipment and adapted infrastructure, but also adequate preparation of personnel. Protecting against extreme temperatures, ensuring the stability and safety of structures or vessels, and efficiently organizing supplies and logistics are becoming key aspects of any activity in the area. In addition, it is necessary to continuously monitor and evaluate the impact of activities on the fragile Antarctic ecosystem and intervene immediately in case of irregularities.

Environmental impact

Planned oil and gas drilling in the pristine Antarctic region is raising serious concerns among activists and environmental organizations. The exploitation of raw materials in the area can significantly affect the fragile ecosystem, risking irreparable damage among the unique flora and fauna.

Antarctica plays a key role in regulating the Earth’s climate. Its ice caps reflect sunlight, which helps keep global temperatures stable. Disruption of this phenomenon by mining activities can accelerate the melting of ice, leading to rising sea levels. A study by Cambridge University scientists indicates that drilling in West Antarctica could raise sea levels by as much as approx. 5 m.

Will oil and gas be extracted from Antarctic territory?

The current 1959 Antarctic Treaty, signed by many countries, including Russia, bans oil extraction in the region, defining Antarctica as a zone used “exclusively for peaceful purposes.” In addition, in 1976, treaty signatories imposed a moratorium on the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in Antarctica, prioritizing the protection of this unique environment.

Nevertheless, the signed commitments do not sufficiently protect the Antarctic area, especially in the context of a dynamic and unpredictable geopolitical situation. The complex international legal and diplomatic framework for the area further complicates the whole situation. Despite existing historical claims by seven countries – Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom – ownership rights were suspended with the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty, which made Antarctica a vast international territory. Russia’s discovery and potential intentions to exploit the deposits could violate the terms of this international agreement.

This legal structure, while stabilizing in theory, is susceptible to change in the face of rising international tensions and shifting geopolitical interests. As global demand for energy resources increases, there is a risk that countries that previously accepted terms may now seek to renegotiate agreements to gain access to Antarctic resources. Consequently, this can lead to an escalation of conflicts and tensions in the international arena.

Fuel extraction and global climate commitments

The drive to exploit new fossil fuel reserves stands in stark contrast to global initiatives to reduce dependence on these sources and promote the transition to renewable energy. Drilling practices to extract oil, especially in sensitive ecosystems like Antarctica, could undermine international efforts to combat climate change. In addition, these activities involve significant environmental risks and challenges, including the need to manage responses to potential oil spills and ensure the protection of local wildlife.